I nā makahiki i hala iho nei, ma muli o ka holomua o ka ʻenehana a me ka maikaʻi, ua ʻoi aku ka nui o ka noi o nā LED;me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā noi LED, ua hoʻomohala ʻia ka noi mākeke no nā LED i ke ala o ka mana kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻōlinolino kiʻekiʻe, ʻo ia hoʻi ka mea i ʻike ʻia he LED mana kiʻekiʻe..

　　No ka hoʻolālāʻana i nā LED mana kiʻekiʻe,ʻo ka hapa nui o nā mea hana nui i kēia manawa e hoʻohana i nā LED DC haʻahaʻa haʻahaʻa nui i ko lākou kumu nui.ʻElua mau ala hoʻokokoke, hoʻokahi kahi hoʻolālā pae kuʻuna, a ʻo kekahi he ʻano conductive vertical.E like me ka mea e pili ana i ka hoʻokokoke mua, ua aneane like ke kaʻina hana me ka make liʻiliʻi maʻamau.I nā huaʻōlelo ʻē aʻe, ua like ke ʻano o ke keʻa o nā mea ʻelua, akā ʻokoʻa mai ka make liʻiliʻi, pono pinepine nā LED mana kiʻekiʻe e hana i nā au nui.Ma lalo iho nei, ʻo kahi hoʻolālā electrode P a me N i kaulike ʻole e hoʻoulu i ka hopena nui o kēia manawa (Current crowding), ʻaʻole ia e hoʻokō i ka chip LED ʻaʻole i hiki i ka ʻōlinolino i koi ʻia e ka hoʻolālā, akā e hōʻino pū i ka hilinaʻi o ka chip.

ʻOiaʻiʻo, no nā mea hana chip upstream / chip makers, loaʻa kēia ala i ka hoʻohālikelike kaʻina hana kiʻekiʻe (CompaTIbility), a ʻaʻohe pono e kūʻai i nā mīkini hou a kūikawā paha.Ma ka lima 'ē aʻe, no ka downstream nenoaiu mea hana, ka peripheral collocation, E like me ka mana lako manao, etc., ka likeʻole nui.Akā e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna, ʻaʻole maʻalahi ka hoʻolaha ʻana i kēia manawa ma nā LED nui.ʻO ka nui o ka nui, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī.I ka manawa like, ma muli o nā hopena geometric, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hoʻomaʻamaʻa māmā o nā LED nui ma mua o nā mea liʻiliʻi..ʻOi aku ka paʻakikī o ke ala ʻelua ma mua o ke ʻano mua.No ka mea, ʻaneʻane ulu aʻe nā LED polū pāʻoihana i kēia manawa ma luna o ka substrate sapphire, e hoʻololi i kahi ʻano conductive vertical, pono e hoʻopaʻa mua ʻia i ka substrate conductive, a laila ka non-conductive Ua wehe ʻia ka substrate sapphire, a laila ke kaʻina hana. ua pau;ma ke ʻano o ka hāʻawi ʻana i kēia manawa, no ka mea, i loko o ke ʻano kuʻuna, ʻaʻole pono e noʻonoʻo i ka conduction ʻaoʻao, no laila ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka like ʻana o kēia manawa ma mua o ka hoʻolālā pae kuʻuna;Eia kekahi, ke kumu Ma ke ʻano o nā kumu kino, nā mea me ka conductivity uila maikaʻi pū kekahi i nā ʻano o ka conductivity thermal kiʻekiʻe.Ma ka hoʻololi ʻana i ka substrate, hoʻomaikaʻi mākou i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana o ka wela a hoʻemi i ka mahana junction, kahi e hoʻomaikaʻi pono ai i ka pono luminous.Eia naʻe, ʻo ka pōʻino nui loa o kēia ala, ʻo ia ma muli o ka piʻi ʻana o ka paʻakikī o ke kaʻina hana, ʻoi aku ka haʻahaʻa o ka hua ma mua o ka hoʻolālā pae kuʻuna, a ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ke kumukūʻai hana.